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Vagina and vulva in art
The female vagina and vulva have been depicted in art ranging from sculpture to paintings from prehistory to the contemporary art era of the 21st century. As long ago as 35,000 years ago, early humans sculpted Venus figurines that exaggerated the abdomen, hips, breasts, thighs, or vulva. There have long been folklore traditions concerning the vagina, such as vagina loquens, or "talking vagina", and the "vagina dentata" (Latin for "toothed vagina"). In 1866 Gustave Courbet painted a picture of a nude woman which depicted the female genitals, entitled "The Origin of the World". In the 20th and 21st century, artists such as Niki de Saint Phalle, Jean Tinguely, Judy Chicago, Megumi Igarashi and Anish Kapoor have created artworks that depict the vagina or vulva. Judy Chicago created her vulva-themed artwork ''The Dinner Party'' to express her feminist views. Playwright Eve Ensler wrote the ''Vagina Monologues'', a popular work about many aspects of women's sexuality. In some cases, vagina or vulva-themed art has attracted controversy and led to legal issues or official censorship pertaining to perceptions of obscenity.
==Cultural aspects==
Various perceptions of the vagina have existed throughout history, including the belief it is the center of sexual desire, a metaphor for life via birth, inferior to the penis, visually unappealing, inherently unpleasant to smell, or otherwise vulgar. The vagina has been termed many vulgar slang names, some of which are derogatory epithets.
Negative views of the vagina are contrasted by views that the vagina is a powerful symbol of female sexuality, spirituality, or life. Author Denise Linn stated, "(vagina ) is a powerful symbol of womanliness, openness, acceptance, and receptivity. It is the inner valley spirit." Regarding religion, the vagina represents a powerful symbol as the ''yoni'' in Hindu, and this may indicate the value that Hindu society has given female sexuality and the vagina's ability to birth life.
Some cultures have tended to view the vulva as something shameful that should be hidden. For example, the term ''pudendum'', which denotes the external genitalia, literally means "shameful thing". Other cultures have long celebrated and even worshipped the vulva. Some Hindu sects revere it under the name ''yoni'', and texts seem to indicate a similar attitude in some ancient Middle Eastern religions. As an aspect of Goddess worship such reverence may be part of modern Neopagan beliefs, and may be indicated in paleolithic artworks, dubbed "Old Europe" by archaeologist Marija Gimbutas. Ancient Greek women kept their vulva hairless so as to display their beauty.
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